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READING CLASS

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==Assignments: Goodreads Log || BBRs || Term One || Term Two || Term Three || Term Four==

Extra Credit

=TERM ONE=

__** Mythology Notes **__









Odyssey Notes


__** LITERARY ELEMENTS AND DEVICES NOTES **__


 * = ===**__Literary Elements__**=== ||= ===**__Literary Devices__**=== || ===Odyssey Information=== ||
 * Theme || Imagery || [[file:Anticipation Guide.doc]] ||  ||
 * Characterization || Foreshadow || upload activity ||  ||
 * Conflict || Irony || Upload activity ||  ||
 * || Symbolism || upload activity ||  ||
 * || Allegory || upload activity ||  ||



Analogy
An analogy is comparable to metaphor and simile in that it shows how two different things are similar, but it’s a bit more complex. It shows the relationship between the two for the purpose of explanation or clarification

__Examples__ "If you want my final opinion on the mystery of life and all that, I can give it to you in a nutshell. The universe is like a safe to which there is a combination. But the combination is locked up in the safe." Peter De Vries, //Let Me Count the Ways// "They crowded very close about him, with their hands always on him in a careful, caressing grip, as though all the while feeling him to make sure he was there. It was like men handling a fish which is still alive and may jump back into the water." - George Orwell, //A Hanging// “... worrying is as effective as trying to solve an algebra equation by chewing bubble gum." - Baz Luhrmann, //Everybody’s Free (to Wear Sunscreen)//

**Allusion**
An indirect reference or casual mention to well‑known historical or fictional events or characters.

__Examples__

“I was surprised his nose was not growing like Pinocchio’s.” This refers to the story of Pinocchio, where his nose grew whenever he told a lie. It is from //The Adventures of Pinocchio//, written by Carlo Collodi.

“I thought the software would be useful, but it was a Trojan Horse.” This refers to the horse that the Greeks built that contained all the soldiers. It was given as a gift to the enemy during the Trojan War and, once inside the enemy's walls, the soldiers broke out. By using trickery, the Greeks won the war.

"I was not born in a manger. I was actually born on Krypton and sent here by my father, Jor-el, to save the Planet Earth."

(Senator Barack Obama, speech at a fund-raiser for Catholic charities, October 16, 2008)

Irony

The difference between what actually happens and what is expected, especially when the disparity seems laughable or absurd.

-Dramatic irony – The audience knows something that the characters do not, which can produce a tragic or comedic effect. "In There's Something About Mary (1998), [when] Ted thinks he's been arrested for picking up a hitchhiker while the audience knows he's being questioned by police about a murder, otherwise innocuous lines he delivers, such as 'I've done it several times before' and 'It's no big deal,' generate laughter."

-Situational irony - The contrast that exists between what is intended and what actually takes place. A police officer getting arrested An escalator to a gym A short, fat guy being the star basketball player

-Socratic irony - The device of pretending ignorance in order to draw out another’s opinions or arguments.

-Verbal irony - A figure of speech in which there is a meaningful contrast between whatis said and what is actually meant.

Mother comes into the TV room and discovers her 11-year-old watching South Park instead of doing his homework, as he was set to a dozen minutes ago. Pointing to the screen she says, "Don't let me tempt you from your duties, kiddo, but when you're finished with your serious studies there, maybe we could take some time out for recreation and do a little math."

Symbolism

a symbol is an object, a person, place, or an event that stands for something more than itself.

Symbolism is found in colors:
 * Black is used to represent death or evil.
 * White stands for life and purity.
 * Red can symbolize blood, passion, danger, or immoral character.
 * Purple is a royal color.
 * Yellow stands for violence or decay.
 * Blue represents peacefulness and calm.

Symbolic Objects
Objects are often used to symbolize something else:
 * A chain can symbolize the coming together of two things.
 * A ladder can represent the relationship between heaven and earth or ascension.
 * A mirror can denote the sun but when it is broken, it can represent an unhappy union or a separation.

**Allegory**

An extended metaphor. A story with hidden or symbolic meaning. These stories are often used to teach philosophical ideals. The stories mean both what they seem and something else. (essentially a sustained metaphor). It teaches a lesson through recurring symbols or characters.

Probably the most famous example of **allegory** is the movie //The Wizard of Oz//, in which cowardice is embodied in the lion, thoughtless panic in the scarecrow, and so on.


 * Foreshadowing**

Providing clues to readers or an audience as to what will happen later in the story. Author’s use foreshadowing to set the tone, to build suspense, and to make the story more believable by preparing the audience for the outcome.


 * In the opening of //The Wizard of Oz//, set in Kansas, the transformation of Miss Gulch into a witch on a broomstick **foreshadows** her reappearance as Dorothy's enemy in Oz.


 * Imagery**

Visually descriptive or figurative language focusing on the senses. > A host, of golden daffodils; > Beside the lake, beneath the trees, > Fluttering and dancing in the breeze. > Continuous as the stars that shine > And twinkle on the Milky Way

Plot

 * PLOT: ** The action of the story. This action is usually made up of a series of events called the plot line.


 * PLOT LINE: ** Shows the action or events in a story. It has five parts: exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, and resolution.

(1) Exposition: The part of the story (usually at the beginning) which explains the background and setting of the story. The characters are often introduced in the exposition. Tells us what happened before the story opened.

(2) Rising Action: The central part of the story during which various problems arise, leading up to the climax. I like to call this stage complication because this is where the conflicts are revealed.

(3) Climax: The highest point (turning point) in the action of the story. The moment of greatest tension at which the outcome is be decided. This is when the main conflict of the story is resolved. It is called the turning point because here the plot changes for better or for worse.

(4) Falling Action: That part of the story which follows the climax or turning point; it contains the action or dialogue necessary to lead the story a resolution or ending.

(5) Resolution: Also called denouement. The satisfying end of a story–the part n which the problems are solved.

Foreshadowing- hint or clue about what will happen in story
 * SPECIAL TECHNIQUES OF PLOT **

Flashback- interrupts the normal sequence of events to tell about something that happened in the past

Surprise Ending- conclusion that reader does not expect

Setting
By this term we mean the story’s time and place. But, often in an effective short story, setting may figure as more than mere background or underpinning. It can make things happen. It can prompt characters to act, brig them to realizations, or cause them to reveal their inmost natures.

__** Components of Setting **__


 * *Location: ** Physical environment of a story: a house a street, a city, a landscape, a region. A place can profoundly affect the character who grew up in it; after all, we are partially a product of our environment.

***Time:** hour, year, or century story takes place. This along with location helps set up the customs and attitudes we expect from the characters.


 * *Weather: ** The weather in some stories may be crucial to the plot.

__** How to Identify the Setting **__

The author uses direct and indirect clues to tell the reader the setting of the story. With direct clues, the author will state the setting. With indirect, the reader must infer the setting.

__Indirect Clues__:

Transportation

Housing

Inventions

Language

Games

Clothing

Hairstyles

Technology

Medical Advances

Weapons

Historical People

Historical Events

Landmarks

Climate/precipitation

Characterization
Character: A person in the story

Characterization: The author’s special way of explaining the people in his story-telling us about their personalities and motives.

Ways to learn about character:
 * His Words
 * His Actions
 * His Appearance
 * Opinions from other characters
 * His Feelings


 * __TYPES OF CHARACTERS__**


 * *Stock Characters: ** Stereotyped characters. They are often known by some outstanding trait or traits: the Prince //Charming// of fairy tales, the //mad// scientist of horror movies, the //fearlessly reckless// police detective of urban action films, the //greedy// explorer of Tarzan films, //brilliant but alcoholic// brain surgeon of medical thrillers on tv.

***Flat Character:** A character that has only one outstanding trait or feature, or at most a few distinguishing marks. Sometimes a stock character, but flat characters need not be stock characters. For example there is probably only one Tiny Tim, though his functions in A Christmas Carol are mainly to invoke blessings and to remind others of their Christian duties.

***Round Characters:** These characters present us with more facets–that is, their authors portray them in greater depth and in more generous detail. Such a round character may appear to us only as he appears to the other characters in the story. If their views of him differ, we will see him from more than one side. In other stories we enter a character’s mind and come to know him through his own thoughts, feelings, and perceptions.

***Static Characters:** A character which stays the same through the story.


 * *Dynamic Characters: ** These characters change throughout the story. They learn or become enlightened, grow, or deteriorate.


 * *Antagonist: ** the character who strives against another main character. This character opposes the hero or protagonist in drama. The term is also used to describe one who contends with or opposes another in a fight, conflict, or battle of wills. In literature, this is the principal opponent or foil of the main character and is considered the villain unless the protagonist is a villain; in that case, the antagonist is the hero.


 * *Protagonist: ** the leading character of a drama, novel, etc. This is not always the hero, but is always the principal and central character whose rival is the antagonist.


 * *Foil: ** A character who is meant to represent characteristics, values, ideas, etc. which are directly and diametrically opposed to those of another character, usually the protagonist.

Direct Characterization: Author, narrator, or another charter informs the audience of what he/she is like, The narrator TELLS about the character. Indirect Characterization: When readers deduce for themselves what the characters are like through the 5 ways we learn about a character. The narrator SHOWS the character.

Theme
Definition: Theme is a message about people, life, and the world we live in that the author wants the reader to understand or a lesson that the reader can apply to his/her life.


 * To Find the Theme**

1) Look at the choices characters make, characters’ struggles, and the book’s conflicts and how they are solved.

2) Come up with some abstract nouns that the story/novel is about (SUBJECT)

3) Turn those abstract nouns into sentences stating what the author is saying about that subject


 * It cannot be a command or a question
 * It cannot contain character names or events from the story (it has to be a general statement about life)
 * It cannot be cliche

A story can have and will have MULTIPLE themes.
 * Remember your theme should apply to human life not just that character in the novel.**


 * Examples**
 * From the Wizard of Oz: Abstract Noun= Appreciation Theme= Appreciate what you already have
 * The Ugly Duckling: Abstract Noun=Individuality[[image:http://crazenglish.wikispaces.com/site/embedthumbnail/placeholder?w=200&h=241 width="15" height="18" align="left" caption="Text Box: "]] Theme= Be willing to be who you are.
 * Green Eggs and Ham: Abstract Noun=Open-mindedness Theme= You should be open to knew opportunities and change because you never know if you might like it.

FOCUS QUESTIONS for discussing theme: What is the author saying about being human? And how do you know that? (textual evidence)

WITHOUT conflict there is no story. Person versus Person Conflict that pits one person against another. One character has a problem with another character or character(s)in the story.
 * Conflict **
 * Definition: ** Conflict is the problem in a story which triggers the action. Most stories have ONE central conflict, but all stories have more than one conflict.
 * __ Types of Conflict __**

Person versus Nature A run-in with the forces of nature. On the one hand, it expresses the insignificance of a single human life in the cosmic scheme of things. On the other hand, it tests the limits of a person’s strength and will to live.

Person versus Society A character has a problem th society–the law, school, or tradition etc. The values and customs by which everyone else lives are being challenged. The character may come to an untimely end as a result of his or her own convictions. The character may, on the other hand, bring others around to a sympathetic point of view, or it may be decided that society was right after all.

Person versus Self Internal conflict. Not all conflict involves other people. Sometimes people are their own worst enemies. An internal conflict is a good test of a character’s values. Does he give in to temptation or rise above it? Does he demand the most from himself or settle for something less? Does he even bother to struggle? The internal conflicts of a character and how they are resolved are good clues to the character’s inner strength.

Person versus Fate A character has to battle what seems to be an uncontrollable problem.

Point of View

 * __ What is Point of View: __** The angle from which the story is told

A way the events of a story are conveyed to the reader, it is the “vantage point” from which the narrative is passed from author to the reader. The point of view can vary from work to work. For example, in the Book of Genesis the objective third person point of view is presented, where a “nonparticipant” serves as the narrator and has no insight into the characters' minds. The narrator presents the events using the pronouns he, it, they, and reveals no inner thoughts of the characters. In Edgar Allan Poe’s short story “The Cask of Amontillado” the first person point of view is exhibited.


 * __ Types of Point of View __**

// Person: // 1st Person—Uses the word “I.” The narrator may be part of the action or an observer–share limitations of narrator. *Story is told through eyes of one of the characters. *Reader only experiences what that one character portrays, and, thus, feels a personal connection to the character. *It becomes difficult to analyze the truth of the story as no other perspectives are given.

2nd person–Uses the word “You.” The narrator speaks directly to reader.

3rd person– Uses he, she etc. Character telling story or nonparticipant.

// Types: //
 * Limited Omniscient Narrator–Does not know everything. Restricted to one central character or limited physical area
 * Omniscient Narrator-- know all see all. Can get into people’s minds and know what they are thinking.
 * Objective—Narrator simply describes the scene without imposing opinions or biases.

Stream of consciousness technique–Recreates interior of characters mind (know what think and feel)

= = = TERM TWO =


 * = ==**__Argumentative Text__**== || ==Literary Devices== ||= ==**__Romeo & Juliet__**== ||
 * [[file:main ideas and details notes.ppt]] || [[file:Figure of Speech List.pdf]] ||  ||
 * [[file:charting verbs.pdf]] || Tone ||  ||
 * [[file:analyzing evidence template.doc]] || Connotation and Denotation ||   ||

Connotation and Denotation
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= TERM THREE =


 * ==Literary Elements== || ==Animal Farm== ||
 * plot || Russian Revolution Powerpoint ||
 * setting and mood ||  ||
 * characterization ||  ||
 * types of foreshadow ||  ||

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FORESHADOW TECHNIQUES:

• Something is fishy (odd, or strange) • Gut tells you it is not right • Music/sounds in movies creates suspense / in book: Sounds “crack” • Change in mood • Setting (weather, dark, dampness) • Body language • Suspicious acts • Advice / warnings that are ignored-- “don’t open the door, don’t go in there!” • Sentence structure / pauses / fragments • Focus / zoom (talk a lot about a shoe, or feather……) • Repetition (show importance) / sentence structure ( words on line by self) • Pauses • Dreams or visions • Description of character (small beady eyes that shifted animals were uncomfortable ) • Connotation of words (sharp white teeth) • Startling /shocking seems to occur • Hide things, actions…. • Fig lang (serpent smile)